《母親抱智子洗澡》與《聖母抱耶穌》

傅雲欽 2014.12.05

 ▲《母親抱智子洗澡》照片

 ▲ 《聖母抱耶穌》雕像

美國攝影家尤金・史密斯(W. Eugene Smith1971年在日本拍攝的照片《母親抱智子洗澡》(Tomoko and Mother in the Bath)是一張關於工業污染的名作。那張照片描寫一個名叫植村涼子(Ryoko Uemura的母親抱著得到水俁病而身體畸形的女兒植村智子(Tomoko Uemura在傳統日式的澡盆洗澡的照片。水俁病是一種汞中毒。工廠排放含汞的廢水到海裡,污染了海裡的魚。病人吃了被汞污染的魚而得病。其症狀是神經系統受損,造成運動、視覺、聽覺、言語及智力方面的障礙。

Russell Miller寫的Magnum: Fifty Years at the Front Line of History中譯《揹相機的革命家》)提到尤金・史密斯的這張母親抱孩子的照片像米開朗基羅那一件描繪聖母馬利亞坐著抱耶穌遺體的《聖母抱耶穌》雕像(中譯本第213頁)。這個看法值得討論一下。

米開朗基羅的《聖母抱耶穌》雕像描寫的可能不是事實。第一,聖經的四篇記載耶穌生平的福音書中,寫作完成在先的「馬太福音」、「馬可福音」及「路加福音」都沒提到耶穌被釘十字架時,他的母親馬利亞在場,只有寫作完成最晚的「約翰福音」說馬利亞在場(約翰 19:25)。不過,「約翰福音」也沒說馬利亞全程在場。它記載,耶穌斷氣之前,見母親和他所愛的那門徒站在旁邊,就對他母親說:「母親,看,你的兒子!」又對那門徒說:「看,你的母親!」從此,那門徒就接她到自己家裏去了(約翰 19:26-27)。可見馬利亞在耶穌斷氣之前就離開現場了。

再者,如果馬利亞在耶穌斷氣被解下十字架之後,曾坐著把耶穌抱在大腿上,那為耶穌收屍並處理後事的人應是馬利亞才對。但四篇福音書記載為耶穌收屍並處理後事的人不是馬利亞,而是一個名叫約瑟的信徒(馬太27:57-58、馬可15:43-45、路加 23:50-52、約翰 19:38)。而且,耶穌遺體被放入墳室安葬之後到第三日復活昇天,馬利亞也都沒來探視。

第二,母親抱子女的屍體,通常是子女年幼,體格矮小的情形。如果死亡的子女是兒子,體重五、六十公斤,或更重,母親怎麼抱得動呢?能抱多久呢?耶穌死亡時已經是三十幾歲的成年男子,體格應比他的母親馬利亞壯碩。馬利亞如在現場,也應該是耶穌倒臥地上,馬利亞跪地俯抱耶穌,不是馬利亞坐著把耶穌的遺體抱在大腿上。

第三,馬利亞即使坐著把耶穌的遺體抱在大腿上,在構圖的設計上,馬利亞的目光也應該是注視耶穌的臉,不是其他地方。米開朗基羅竟讓馬利亞的目光看著耶穌的肚臍下面的地方,簡直莫名其妙,缺乏真實感。反觀尤金・史密斯的《母親抱智子洗澡》,他是在母親的目光看著智子時才按下快門,比較有真實感。

耶穌受難的情景,令人感動。不管米開朗基羅的《聖母抱耶穌》雕像描寫情景的真實性如何,聖母馬利亞抱著耶穌遺體,令人鼻酸。米開朗基羅的這個雕像已成為基督教世界的經典之作,意象深植廣大基督徒的腦海中。尤金・史密斯的《母親抱智子洗澡》照片與米開朗基羅的《聖母抱耶穌》雕像有相似性,更增加它的美感,更加感動人心。尤金・史密斯是美國人,他在拍《母親抱智子洗澡》時也許有想到米開朗基羅那個雕像,知道其中的相似性。

新聞界的老將梁冬說:「欣賞西方的藝術品需要很深厚的歷史背景。東方人看這些東西的感覺永遠隔了一層,就像老外看觀音。文化鴻溝很難逾越。」旨哉,斯言!

沒有基督教信仰的人,或者沒有看過米開朗基羅的《聖母抱耶穌》雕像的人,如果他是攝影師,可能比較不會想到植村智子在澡盆的情景的藝術價值,而不會把握良機,按下快門,如果他是一般閱聽人,可能比較不會體會《母親抱智子洗澡》照片的藝術價值,而比較不那麼感動。

聖母抱耶穌,其真實性存疑,但母親抱智子洗澡是真實的。因此,《母親抱智子洗澡》震撼人心,並引起世人重視工業污染造成的災難,要求環境保護,懲罰奸商。尤金・史密斯不只是攝影師,也是揹著相機的革命家。

● 相關拙作

四本福音書合編 2010.06.26

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參考資料
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath is a photograph taken by American photojournalist W. Eugene Smith in 1971. Many commentators regard Tomoko as Smith's greatest work. The black-and-white photo depicts a mother cradling her severely deformed, naked daughter in a traditional Japanese bathroom. The mother, Ryoko Uemura, agreed to deliberately pose the startlingly intimate photograph with Smith to illustrate the terrible effects of Minamata disease (a type of mercury poisoning) on the body and mind of her daughter Tomoko. Upon publication the photo became world famous, significantly raising the international profile of Minamata disease and the struggle of the victims for recognition and compensation. At the wishes of Tomoko Uemura's family, the photograph was withdrawn from further publication in 1997, 20 years after Tomoko's death.

Alternate names given for the photograph include: Tomoko in the Bath, Tomoko and Mother in the Bath and Tomoko is Bathed by her Mother.

Capture

W. Eugene Smith and his wife Aileen Smith lived in Minamata from 1971 to 1973, with the specific aim of bringing Minamata disease to public attention. During those three years Smith took thousands of photographs, leading to the production of numerous magazine articles, exhibitions and a book. Smith realised that a single, striking photograph was required to become a symbol of Minamata disease. In Smith's own words, "It grew and grew in my mind that to me the symbol of Minamata was, finally, a picture of this woman [the mother], and the child, Tomoko. One day I simply said […] let us try to make that symbolic picture".

Tomoko's parents allowed Smith to photograph their daughter's body, in the hope that it might draw attention to the plight of similar families in Minamata and other pollution victims all over the world. Ryoko Uemura was keen for the photograph to portray her daughter in a sympathetic manner and actively collaborated with Smith to stage the perfect shot. Jim Hughes, (a biographer) said of Smith, "Although he wanted a photograph that would clearly show Tomoko's deformed body, Gene told me it was Ryoko Uemura, the mother, who suggested the bathing chamber". The photograph was finally taken on a chilly afternoon in December 1971, with Ryoko, Tomoko, Smith and his wife Aileen all cramped into the small bathing room.

Publication and impact

The photograph was first published in the June 2, 1972, edition of Life magazine as the centrepiece of a short Minamata photo essay. This was expanded into book form featuring the full series of photographs taken by Smith during his stay in Minamata. The issue of Minamata disease and the plights of the victims was brought to worldwide attention by this photo essay and book.

The striking nature of the photograph ensured that it became world famous very quickly. The Uemura family found themselves under a media spotlight. Tomoko's father, Yoshio Uemura said, "We were faced with an increasing number of interviews. Thinking that it would aid the struggle for the eradication of pollution, we agreed to interviews and photographs while the organizations that were working on our behalf used the photograph of Tomoko frequently". However the increased attention was not without its drawbacks. Rumors began to circulate in the Minamata community that the Uemuras were benefiting financially from the publicity. Some local people (who relied on the polluting Chisso Corporation for their livelihoods) were fiercely opposed to the Minamata disease victims' struggle for compensation. All these pressures added up significantly for the Uemura family. "I do not think," Yoshio Uemura stated, "that anybody outside our family can begin to imagine how unbearable the persistent rumors made our daily lives... Although she could not speak herself, I am sure that Tomoko felt that her family were worried for her".[2]

Tomoko Uemura died in 1977 at the age of 21.

維基百科 

《哀悼基督》(Pietà,亦稱《聖母憐子》)是1496米開朗基羅應法國紅衣主教之邀創作的一部雕塑作品,它也是米開朗基羅的成名作。故事題材來自《聖經》,描繪了聖母瑪利亞懷抱著被釘死的基督時悲痛萬分的情形。基督躺在聖母雙膝間,肋骨上一道傷痕,頭向後垂,右臂搭在聖母右膝上,聖母的面容顯得很年輕,穿著長袍和斗篷,左手向後伸開,右手托著基督。

米開朗基羅一反傳統,將聖母刻畫為一位少女,他說:「聖母瑪利亞是純潔、崇高的化身和神聖事物的象徵,所以必然能夠永遠保持青春美麗的容顏。她那永恆的青春與高貴的形象,象徵著人類追求美好事物的理想。」構圖上採用了金字塔型,長袍既襯託了輪廓,又能夠調和構圖美與實際比例的衝突。雕像表面進行了細緻打磨,平滑光亮。聖母胸前衣帶上有米開朗基羅的署名,這是他唯一的一件署名作品。

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聖經 有關耶穌死亡前後在場的婦女

約翰 19:25
站在耶穌十字架旁邊的,有他母親他母親的姊妹(傅註:指撒羅米Salome,即西庇太Zebedee的妻子,亦即使徒雅各James [大雅各James the Great] 和約翰John的母親),並革羅罷的妻子馬利亞(傅註:Mary the wife of Cleophas / Clopas。即使徒雅各James [小雅各James the Less] 和約西Joses 的母親。革羅罷Cleophas / Clopas,希臘文稱亞勒腓Alphaeus,是耶穌的伯叔。),和抹大拉的馬利亞(傅註:Mary Magdalene

約翰 19:26
耶穌見母親他所愛的那門徒站在旁邊,就對他母親說:「母親(原文是婦人),看,你的兒子!」

約翰 19:27
對那門徒說:「看,你的母親!」從此,那門徒就接到自己家裏去了。

******

馬太 27:55
好些婦女在那裏,遠遠地觀看;她們是從加利利跟隨耶穌來服事他的。

馬太 27:56
內中有抹大拉的馬利亞,又有雅各和約西的母親馬利亞,並有西庇太兩個兒子的母親

馬可 15:40
還有些婦女遠遠地觀看;內中有抹大拉的馬利亞,又有小雅各和約西的母親馬利亞,並有撒羅米

馬可 15:41
就是耶穌在加利利的時候,跟隨他、服事他的那些人,還有同耶穌上耶路撒冷的好些婦女在那裏觀看。

******

馬太 27:61
抹大拉的馬利亞那個馬利亞在那裏,對著墳墓坐著。

路加 23:55
那些從加利利和耶穌同來的婦女跟在後面,看見了墳墓和他的身體怎樣安放。

馬可 15:47
抹大拉的馬利亞約西的母親馬利亞都看見安放他的地方。

******

馬太 28:1
安息日將盡,七日的頭一日,天快亮的時候,抹大拉的馬利亞那個馬利亞來看墳墓。

馬可 16:1
過了安息日,抹大拉的馬利亞雅各的母親馬利亞撒羅米,買了香膏要去膏耶穌的身體。

馬可 16:2
七日的第一日清早,出太陽的時候,她們來到墳墓那裏,

馬可 16:3
彼此說:「誰給我們把石頭從墓門滾開呢?」

路加 24:1
七日的頭一日,黎明的時候,那些婦女帶著所預備的香料來到墳墓前,

約翰 20:1
七日的第一日清早,天還黑的時候,抹大拉的馬利亞來到墳墓那裏,看見石頭從墳墓挪開了,
路加 24:10
那告訴使徒的就是抹大拉的馬利亞約亞拿(傅註:Joanna,並雅各的母親馬利亞,還有與她們在一處的婦女